Sec & terrorism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

The assignment it is a marketing subject and it a research Paper

The task it is a showcasing subject and it a - Research Paper Example This exploration study holds significance since advancement is a typical instrument used by all certifiable organizations. Advancement technique is additionally a sort of competency which can be obtained by a firm. The significance of this investigation lies in examining wide varieties of hypothetical structures identified with advancement. Research goals have been expressed underneath As indicated by Easwaran, showcasing can be characterized as a methodology that empowers direct progression of administrations or items from producers to end clients. It assists with fulfilling client prerequisites, engaged with trade process. There are wide arrangement of exercises included inside the methodology of promoting. Showcasing blend involves four essential components †item, value, spot and advancement. Extra components in promoting blend are physical proof, procedure and individuals. Subsequently advancement is one of the noteworthy components of showcasing blend. Any help or item in every case needs the help of powerful advancement plot. Arranging is required before advancing brand through ad battles, pamphlet appropriation, and so on. There are different choices which are centered around alongside arranging limited time exercises like deciding goals, choosing objective gathering, laying out advancement spending plan, conveyance, new item dispatch, and so forth. Adv ancement is a mode of spreading mindfulness about a brand’s contributions. There are three significant motivation behind advancement †introducing data to target clients, separating an item and expanding market request. Limited time plan is exclusively answerable for wide exhibit of results, for example, brand value building, increment in deals, situating, and acknowledgment of new item, corporate picture improvement and serious reprisals (Easwaran 112). According to Arens, advancement can be expressed as a variable to impart brand message to target crowd and in the long run change their conduct or disposition. Piece of the pie and deals rate must be expanded when suitable special technique

The Great Depression

The Great Depression The Great Depression Home›Economics Posts›The Great Depression Economics PostsThe Great Depression refers to a worldwide dip in the economy that was felt in the 1930s and lasted for more than a decade. It is believed to have originated from the famous business center in New York known as the Wall Street (Burg, 39), and then spread to the entire world. The government of the United States having ignored predictions by economists questioning the governments’ regulation of the investment and budgeting process, went ahead to put up policies that led to a high speculation in the economy. This coupled with the fact that the Investment market by then was ill regulated created loopholes in the policies could not contain the market excitement, which led to overoptimistic loan agreements between banks and investors oblivious of the warning indicators highlighted by the economists (Berton, 130). Therefore, financial information became highly versatile and gambling was rampant.It was not l ong before the true financial value of companies started reflecting due to unrealistic profits posted by the general production industry yet there was no cash flow to support their continuity in daily production. These created a huge gap between available resources and the money reflected that was in fact non-existent. The economy gradually deteriorated over a long period of time thus the term “Great Depression”. This period was characterized by shrinking and closing down of businesses, unemployment, poverty and drop in higher education learning, low profits and losses among other reasons (Rothbard, 80-84). The Great Depression majorly affected companies and factories especially in the manufacturing industry, plantation farming for raw materials and the mining industry. The main pointers to individual citizen impacts was a reduction in consumer spending and general fall in confidence of the said citizens in United states and the rest of the world.There has been no clear explanat ion of the causes of this Economic Phenomenon to date but a variety of possible stimuli have been forwarded which include; High consumer debt, not well regulated investment markets, insufficient growth in industrialization to match with production demands and general wealth inequality in the societies (Berton,235). All these theories have been analyzed over time and two wide classification groups were made. The first one approaches the topic from the perspective of the macroeconomic effects of supply and demand in the economy. These directly touch on industrialization through massive production of goods and the relationship with the level of consumption prevalent by then, in the economy. The second category leans more on institutional regulation in terms of available structures and guidelines governing the then, trade and commerce in terms of production and consumption. This category highlights the effect of excitement in investment and the existence of weak policies by the governme nt to control and regulate the banks versus investors’ relationship in the stock and share market. In simpler terms the basis of investment during this period was purely speculative. The final impact was greatly bourn by the citizens because as a direct result of the Great Depression, the rate of unemployment shot up and the employees laid of with minimal compensation got engulfed in the speculative atmosphere to take part in the share market by then. The promise of a boom could be resisted by few unemployed citizens.There was a sharp fall in the birth rates among the Americans couples preferred not to give birth to more children as the cost of living had greatly increased with shortage in their daily income. This made it difficult to maintain a large family among the couples. This eventually led to many of the people opting to live a single life in order to minimize cost of living in the society. The depression in the income led to high rates of decrease in the marriages as the c ases of divorce were incurred on daily basis. Most of the daily economic activities were put on a stand still as the country underwent total economic hardship during the entire great depression period (Mac Elvaine, 99-104). The social ethics in the society were violated as there was increase in ant-social vices like robbery, prostitution, corruption and theft that was mainly viewed as the only alternative of getting a fast source of income among the youth and other people in the society.With the increased rate of unemployment among the youth as many of them had lost their previous jobs due to the economic state resulted to increased rates of crimes across the country as they struggled on using all the means to acquire food. This led to increased rates of robbery that led to even death as some people were killed in the process. Most of the children incurred the malnutrition problems, while women opted for prostitution in order to pay their daily bills incurred. The health care servic es were not available as the only doctors around were preserved for the rich who could afford to meet the cost.Access to the higher learning institutions was greatly affected as most of the people were unable to meet the requirements to enable them to access the education due to the economic situation in America (Schultz, 40). The government spending on institutions decreased sharply forcing some of the institutions to close down due to lack of finances in maintaining the running of the schools. The number of women in schools decreased to an alarming rate compared to that of men as men had hopes of getting an opportunity in the market compared to woman.There was an increased in the demographic trends in the entire society as the people strived to meet their daily basic needs using all the available means. There were delays in marriages among the people as the youth were expected to take care of their parents before opting to move out into marriage. The birth rates fell stridently du ring the lowest points of the Depression as many Americans learned about birth control measures to avoid the added expenses of unexpected children in the family (Rothbard, 159-154). There was also increase in the number of immigration from the rural areas to the urban areas (Rural New England and upstate New York) in search of job opportunities. People moved from the Great Plains to cities like California and Arizona. Majority of the migrants were adolescents seeking opportunity away from their family that had younger mouths to feed (Burg, 39).The Great Depression had monotonous effects on the American society such as many citizens were drowned to poverty making more than 18000 citizens to commit suicide in 1931. This affected many bread winners of different families and never the less the former millionaires had no option but to sell one apple at five cents rendering the citizens helpless. This effect made less money to flow with the American citizens in turn affecting the economy negatively setting it on a downward throat (Schultz, 35).With the effects on the economy the government could not escape being affected. The government expanded as a result of many rising political parties assuring the citizens to have solutions for the crisis, this crippled many able political parties because of them dividing to form other weak parties instead joining together to form an extremely strong party. The breaking up of parties had also another positive part in that new government policies dealing with social security, welfare and unemployment insurance were formed (Mac Elvaine, 300).However, despite all the ups and downs, people were brought together while watching films like “The Bride of Frankenstein” in 1935 and Frankenstein. Their cultures were maintained through watching such movies that gave them hope.In conclusion, the Great Depression was a major learning point for the global market. This was a key pointer of how one trade point can influence the trends in th e world due to globalization. Due to the Great Depression, the world had to form a unified front and have constant forums to date addressing economical issues as one so as to get a solution not only for a specific affected community but any other country that has substantial interests in trade and other commercial related activities with the country at the center of any economical crisis. The Great depression led to a surge in trade unions not only within countries but global partnership became a key indicator of the new commercial relationships. The Great Depression made the individual citizens to take a keen interest in government policies and actively participation in formulation of the same.Citizens became aware of their important roles in the countries budget and investment policies. Investors in the share market had to take a keener look at regulations and pushed for amendments and adjustments. In other words, the citizens took the watch dog role seriously because they realize d that it all starts by them and will end with them. The Great Depression however had a positive impact because it developed a new crop of private entrepreneurs who exercised innovative and creative ideas to survive and stay relevant throughout the Great depression. The great depression can be credited with developing strong world Trade and commerce bonds thus, it should be termed as the genesis of world trade ties that placed politics in the second position of international relationship. In other words, political decisions were now made after careful consideration of implications on the economy.

3 Branches of Government in the Philippines - 1738 Words

ONGOCO BRANCHES OF GOVERNMENT OFFICE (Philippines) EXECUTIVE LEGISLATIVE JUDICIARY a. Composition President (1) Vice President (1) Cabinet Members Senators (24) House of Representatives (250) Partylists Supreme Court (1 Chief Justice; 14 Assoc. Justice) Inferior Court b. Qualifications President/ Vice President †¢ Natural-born citizen †¢ Registered voter †¢ Able to read and write †¢ At least 40 years old on the day of election †¢ Resident of the Philippines for at least 10 years immediately preceding the election Senators †¢ Natural-born citizen †¢ At least 35 years old †¢ Able to read and write †¢ A registered voter †¢ A resident of the Philippines for not less than 2years immediately preceding the day of†¦show more content†¦c. Power of Appropriation (Sec 25 Art VI) The power to specify the project or activity to be funded under the appropriation law. It can be as detailed and as broad as the Congress wants it to be. Appropriation Law is a statue the primary and specific purpose of which is to authorize the release of public funds from the treasury. d. Power to Declare the Existence of a State of War (Sec 23 Art VI) By a vote of 2/3 of both Houses in joint session assembled, voting separately, the Congress shall have the sole power to declare the existence if a state of war but has no power to declare war with any country. By law, in times of war or other national emergency, the Congress may authorize the President to exercise powers necessary and proper to carry out a declared national policy. Section 5 Article VIII a. Assign temporarily judges of lower courts to other to other stations as public interest may require, which shall not exceed 6 months without the consent of the judge concerned. b. Order a change of venue or place of trial to avoid a miscarriage of justice. c. Promulgate rules concerning the protection and enforcement of constitutional rights, pleading, practice, and procedure in all courts, the admission to the practiceShow MoreRelatedA Journey Back Home At Home957 Words   |  4 Pagesunderstand and embrace the Filipino culture? Go visit the country. All of us were excited and looked forward to this memorable trip back home to my native land, Philippines. Philippines This country was discovered in 1543 by Villalobos, a Spanish explorer. He then named the country in honor of King Philip of Spain, thus; the name Philippines. It is located in Southeast Asia. It is an archipelago between the Pacific Ocean and the South China Sea. This country consists of 7,100 island; of which threeRead MoreThe Philippines And Republic Of Kazakhstan1274 Words   |  6 PagesThe Republic of the Philippines and Republic of Kazakhstan The Philippines is a small archipelagic country, archipelagic meaning that it has very many islands, 7,107 to be exact. 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Executive Summary METRO BANK The Metropolitan Bank and Trust Company, commonly known as Metrobank, is the largest bank in the Philippines in terms of assets and is also the largest Philippine bank in terms of overseas presence. It has a diverse offering of financial services, from regular banking to insurance. Considering the EFE, Metrobank’s current competitive position or business strength in the industry is above average. Overall, it has been coping up well with the factors which

Racial Discrimination Still Exists in Society Essay

â€Å"I believe discrimination still exists in society and we must fight it in every form,† as stated by Andrew Cuomo the current governor of New York. All throughout history, discrimination has been an underlying issue and is one that must be stopped and fixed. Throughout time African-Americans have been the most notable victims of discrimination. Dating back to the early seventeenth century, blacks have been discriminated and enslaved for absolutely no reason. There have been many attempts to end the discrimination, but as hard as people try this is an issue that seems unconquerable. Despite the fact that the Jim Crow era has passed, it is evident from history and peoples experiences that racial discrimination still does exist today. When†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"It shall be unlawful for a negro and white person to play together or in company with each other in any game of cards or dice, dominoes or checkers,† this is just one of many terrible laws of the Jim Crow era. The Jim Crow era was a time dating back to the late 19th century and made it all the way through the mid-20th century. It was a time of cruel laws in which blacks were in no way equal to whites. These are just a few of the many inhuman laws in which the blacks were imposed. All marriages between a white person and a negro, or between a white person and a person of negro descent to the fourth generation inclusive, are hereby forever prohibited. Every employer of white or negro males shall provide for such white or negro males reasonably accessible and separate toilet facilities. All passenger stations in this state operated by any motor transportation company shall have separate waiting rooms or space and separate ticket windows for the white and colored races. It shall be unlawful to conduct a restaurant or other place for the serving of food in the city, at which white and colored people are served in the same room, unless such while and colored persons are effectuallu separated by a solid partition extending from the floor upward to a distance of seven feet or higher, and unless a separate entramce from the street is provided for each compartment. There were two specific court cases thatShow MoreRelatedRacial Prejudice And Racial Discrimination Essay1347 Words   |  6 PagesRacial discrimination is one of many terms used to express the suppression of a race or many races, but more specifically, it refers to the ill-treatment a person or group receives as a result of differences in their race, color, descent, national, ethnic origin or immigrant status. (Australian Human Rights Commission, 2016). 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Segregation has not yet endingRead MoreFighting Racism through Diversity Training Programs Essay527 Words   |  3 Pages Imagine being hated by people because of skin color. Racism still exists. Racial discrimination is always wrong and demeans a person. Everyone suffers when racial discrimination flourishes. Racism is one of the world’s major issues. Many people are not aware of how much racism still exists in the schools, workforce, and everyday life. Racism has affected America on a personal level as well as a global level. While racism still exists in America, it can be prevented or potentially eliminated throughRead MoreRacial Discrimination : Racism And Discrimination1244 Words   |  5 PagesRacial discrimination has been an ugly face lingering around for generations. It baffles me how it still exists today. It’s interesting to me because how do you know who to discriminate against. What type of individual will promote such distasteful thoughts? 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The two essays were written about 45 years apart yet focus on theRead MoreAmerica Still Divided : Racism And Discrimination1091 Words   |  5 PagesParker Soc206 April 30, 2015 Final/Research Paper America Still Divided Racism and discrimination inequalities have become a major discussion throughout the years in our society. Inequalities has impacted every level of humanity on this earth. Education, tolerance and acceptance can be used to challenge one another in attempt to change the negative traditions that continue to exist in our culture. Racism and discrimination inequalities continues to be passed from generation to generationRead More Prejudice and Racism in Canada Essay769 Words   |  4 Pagesexplicit racial attack and portrayed the attackers as a group of abnormal, twisted deviants, I was not surprised. As an Asian student who is writing her Sociology honours thesis on visible minorities in Canada, I know on a personal and academic level that racism in Canada does exist. Although explicit racial incidents are not a common occurrence, they do happen. Here at school, a visible minority student left the school when a car sped past her, while the young men inside shouted racial slurs. Two Read MoreRacism And Racism : New Zealand Essay1455 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"In Aotearoa New Zealand the legacy of ongoing colonization by European (especially British) settlers has produced a society characterized by the presence of major ethnic and cultural disparities† (Kearns, Moewaka-Barnes, McCreanor, 2009). New Zealand has a population of around four million people. Within that amount of people ranges a vast variety of races consisting predominately of European/Pakeha, Maori, Asian and Pacific people. The Maori, who make up 15% of the population, are indigenous

What Ive Learned Free Essays

On July 21, I went to a family barbeque in Rochester, NY. After leaving the barbeque, I was on my way to meet my brothers John and Nick at the local bar to talk and have fun. After we saw our oldest brother John off, Nick and I decided to race down the main street in town. We will write a custom essay sample on What Ive Learned or any similar topic only for you Order Now I learned on this day to never race a vehicle around a dangerous curve. While my brother and I exited the parking lot of the bar, he went around me to lead. I followed him until we reached the main street, Peach St. As we approached the street, Nick lined up on the right side of my vehicle and within three seconds we stepped on the gas pedal. While speeding down Peach St. around 80-90mph, I noticed that after we passed the community center. Also, I was now in the lead. Since I had the lead, I attempted to apply my brakes but because I was going too fast they wouldn’t work. Noticing that my brakes weren’t working, I thought about what was going to stop my car in this residential area. At this point, all I could do was keep my foot on the brakes and scream. As I began to scream, I watched as my car went through someone’s living room window and my body hit the steering wheel. After the car went through the living room window, I then got out making sure everyone was alright. Now that everyone was fine, I called the police, and my family. While standing outside my car, I look around and all I see is my car on the porch of the house with glass all over it and the front wheel turned the opposite way. From my speeding, I totaled my car and destroyed someone’s house. Realizing what just happened, I now felt like I was hit back to back by three tractor trailers. This was one of the worst feelings to experience. Because of my dumb decision to speed, I ended up with no car; the family who was enjoying their night was out of a house for a few nights. I was now stuck dealing with a new type of depression. At the end of the day I honestly promised my daughter and myself as well as my family that I was done with racing unless it was on a real track. How to cite What Ive Learned, Papers

Intercultural communication free essay sample

Intercultural communication Our lecture started with well-known demographic facts about Belgium the population equals to 10,511,000, 15% of which are immigrants (1 In Belgium, Catholicism is the most widespread religion. There are also Moslems, Jews and Protestants. In general, people are open-minded about other religions and of course different nationalities. The cultural diversity is enriched by international and local immigration. In the last hundred years the most important immigrant groups were Jews who form a sizable community in Antwerp; Poles, who came after the fall of ommunism; Italians; North Africans and Turks. There are many recent immigrants from other countries in the European Union also. There are three regions in the federal state: Flanders in the north where the official language is Dutch; Wallonia in the south where French is the official language; and Brussels-Capital region where both languages are used. The smaller German-speaking community is in Wallonia. The regions and language communities enjoy autonomy in cultural and economic matters. We will write a custom essay sample on Intercultural communication or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page There are also a number of unofficial minority languages spoken here as well. In Belgium, a sensitive issue is the relations between Dutch and French peakers. One should avoid questions or comments on that topic. My conclusion after these facts is that Belgium is not a homogeneous country with one national identity. As such, it is therefore difficult to give a general overview that applies to all Belgians. Another interesting difference we can find in the fact that the Walloons (French speakers) have culture similar to French. For example Walloon food is influenced mainly by French cuisine, less than the Dutch. Dishes are with relatively large portions and excellent quality. Widespread opinion is that Belgian cuisine is characterized by German portions size and French finesse and quality. But sometimes it tends to be spicier and higher in calories than modern French food. At the same time they share Belgiums national passion for soccer and etc. Only in Brussels, the capital, do the two groups coexist. Brussels is one of the rare officially bilingual capitals of the world. The beer culture in Belgium is unique and the country offers its visitors over 400 different beers and consequently there are a lot of tours and opportunities for tasting available for lovers of the drink. There are beer festivals throughout the whole year. Interesting stereotype is that Belgium brings beer, chocolate and waffles to mind. It is easy to forget the rich history and architecture of this country. The national dish is mussels with French fries. Even Belgians claim that the French fries are their invention. Also they have important table manner- the fork is held in the left hand and the knife in the right while eating, which have a great importance in their culture. Belgium does not have a lot of heroes, but they are proud of the tennis players Kim Clijsters and Justine Henin. All these facts lead me to think that it is difficult to know the Belgian Culture very well, but when you have such an opportunity you should not miss it. We also talked about the meaning of gestures in different cultures. Gestures are been used to replace words in many countries, and they are often specific for different cultures. Gestures may mean something complimentary in one culture, but something highly ottensive in another. Generally, there are no universal gestures. Nowadays with the influence of television and movies, some gestures have become more widely known and accepted in many countries. And in this intercultural world, if we want to succeed in international business and relationships, we should be aware of these differences, understand, respect and accept them. To many, these misunderstandings can still be quite offensive, not Just momentarily annoyances. Sometimes innocent actions can lead to very bad consequences. So before you travel, especially when it comes to exotic destinations or the trip is business directed and your career depends on it, you better get to know the habits and customs of the local people and be prepared so you know what behavior should to exhibit. I will give some examples like the sign for 0K (when your thumb and forefinger are making a circle). If you are an English- speaking it means good, French understands it as zero or worthless and Japanese ould read it as money. But you shouldnt show this to a Northern Greek. About 2000 years ago, ancient Greek vases have been found showing this gesture as an insult. And today it is still like this. Understanding the cultural differences is important to avoid misinterpretation of gestures and misunderstanding of the other persons feelings and intentions. Most Europeans like to stand physically close to the person whom they are having a conversation with, much closer than the Westerners. Consequently, Westerners think the Europeans are pushy while Europeans think the Westerners are reserved. Other interesting knowledge was about the cultural competence and different ways to enhance it. We should all be treated equally, no matter what culture we are. This could include learning about traditions, beliefs, meaning of words, phrases, gestures, customs, activities and rituals. Lots of different cultures have different languages and rituals. Cultural competence involves continually developing your awareness of your own and others cultures. Often what is considered an appropriate behavior in one culture is inappropriate in another one. By increasing awareness of cultural differences and the breaking down of tereotypes and prejudices, we can help to develop tolerance and understanding between nations. During the lecture we discussed the iceberg model of culture. This comparison is because like iceberg, the culture has both visible and invisible parts. Elements of the culture which we can plainly see, such as food or clothes, are represented by the upper portion of the iceberg. Those elements which are not as obvious such as why someone eats or dresses the way they do are represented by the much larger portion of the iceberg underwater. l Communication in an international environment requires special training, consistent with the differences n national cultures. Each country has its own rules of behavior that determine the proper etiquette. Although foreigners are very tolerant of our mistakes and give them to ignorance they will be pleasantly surprised if one demonstrates some knowledge in this direction. This will cause them to respect him and show sympathy, and this can be a decisive factor in establishing long-term relationships. If you want to understand other cultures study them. This can be done not Just by reading about them, but also by participating in the customs and act according to the specific rules. Many people learn more than one culture, and managed to do well among them. When circumstances require people should be able to pass easily from one culture to another. Cultural ditterences are at the root ot many misunderstandings in communication between people of different nationalities. Members of a certain culture rarely see anything beyond their own and reasonable view of things. I think the most important thing when you have to deal with different culture is to overcome the cultural shock. At the beginning you are excited about all the new things around. But at the next moment you are disappointed and dissatisfied. In fact, it turns out that you do not know anything about the new culture. Finding things that you do not know is exhausting, though quite exciting. Disappointments are unavoidable, and unavoidable are the mistakes that you make in the beginning. After a little period of time you feel free to move in the other culture and learn not to have problems with the different beliefs, attitudes and values, and behavior, which they suggest. I knew almost nothing about Belgium before I moved here. I knew they had beer, chocolate and here is the home of the ELI, but I certainly couldnt name many famous Belgians r recite interesting events in Belgiums history. To this day I am still learning interesting facts about this little country. Belgium has a reputation for being a boring little country, but now we know the truth. There are plenty of interesting places and things to do in Belgium, and many Belgium attractions can be appreciated during the whole year. Weather will affect some of the things that you might want to do in Belgium, but that Just means that you can enjoy something else. With lots of good museums, shops, restaurants, cafes, and pubs to choose from across the country, theres never any reason to get bored on your stay in Belgium. One of the most interesting things is the wide variety of museums. Only in Brussels you can find around forty museums including the Museum of Modern Art and the Royal Museum of Fine Arts of Belgium. There you can find collection of different artists, including the Flemish painters like Bruegel, van der WeiJden Rogir Robert Campillo, Anthony van Dyck, Jacob Yordans and Peter Paul Rubens. Also you can find the famous museum of the comics, where you can find a bunch of useful and interesting things and the museum of chocolate at the entrance the visitor feels like the house of Hansel and Gretel by the Brothers Grimm fairy tale. Intercultural Communication free essay sample â€Å"Jim Crow was more than a series of rigid anti-black laws. It was a way of life† (What Was Jim Crow, 2012). After reading this article I learned that Jim Crow was basically the name of a racial social system that was used primarily in the southern states. This system consisted of many rules that black citizens were confined to follow. They also had guidelines that Blacks were supposed to abide by when merely conversing or in the presence of a white person. The article also went on to say, â€Å"Under Jim Crow, African Americans were relegated to the status of second class citizens.† After doing some research, I believe that this system seemed to start after the end of the Reconstruction period, which started after the Civil War. During the Reconstruction period, there seemed to be not as much segregation between the two races. However, this soon came to an end, this was due to the fact that Whites believed they were losing their control, so something had to be done; and so began the Jim Crow laws. We will write a custom essay sample on Intercultural Communication or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page â€Å"Many Christian ministers and theologians taught that whites were the Chosen people, blacks were cursed to be servants, and God supported racial segregation† (What Was Jim Crow, 2012). This was another idea that seemed to pose as a possible origin of the Jim Crow Laws, the fact of religion. Religion is something that may always have influence over the occurrence of an event. However, I don’t believe that this idea comes with as much support as the idea of Whites fearing the demise of their power. I believe that the reason these laws gained so much momentum was due to the fact that for years after the Civil War, racial mixing was allowed and seemed to be a common event. â€Å"The U.S. officially ended slavery with the passage of the Thirteenth Amendment in 1865. There were various proposals to grant freed black slaves compensation, or at least assistance in establishing themselves as free citizens† (Reconstruction, 2008). I think that Whites were angry about the way that things were happening and that they felt that their power was being undermined. So when the Jim Crow laws started up, the Whites had their vengeance and they wanted to take the power back. â€Å"Virtues are civic to the extent that they contribute to, and strengthen, the communal good† (Segregation and Civic Virtue, 2012). Segregation is usually thought to be an obstruction of the peace for a group of people. However, it can also be seen and expressed as a fact of strength. When doing some research I found a  couple of examples of the virtues of segregation in a community, â€Å"Obvious examples might include the building and maintenance of parks, schools, community centers, and libraries† (Segregation and Civic Virtue, 2012). These examples go to show that segregation may actually have some positive externalities on a community. Segregation can cause a community to be more verbal and communicate more on issues that would ultimately boost the morale of a community. There was one other sort of virtue that I found came about due to this era, and that was the Harlem Renaissance. This period was when group of gifted black authors published literature of their experiences during this rough time. These works of art would end up sticking with us, and continue to influence modern literature today. I don’t personally believe that there was much mutual respect between the races during this era. There may have been some respect present, but it was not the same by any means. I believe there were few, but some, Whites that respected the black race due to the treatment they had been put through. I also believe that some of the Blacks respected few of the Whites, mainly because of the rank of their status or the positions they held. However, these are two different views on respect and it seems to me that they are not based on mutual terms. The lack of mutual respect is something that I believe could be blamed for the hindrance of intercultural communication at this time. This also has to do with the fact that white people determined that Blacks were like children. They did not treat them with the same respect that you would treat another adult. This sort of treatment greatly affected the communication between Blacks and whites; Blacks were not considered to have valuable input and therefore their opinions were not taken into consideration. Blacks were treated as children and this is one of the sole reasons I think there was a large barrier to communication. After doing some research, I learned that Blacks would become spies in the Civil Rights Movement. According to State of Siege, â€Å"They paid money to black Mississippians to infiltrate the meetings of civil rights activists† (Mississippi State Sovereignty Commission, 2013). I believe that this quote is reason enough to explain why some Blacks held these kinds of positions. At this point many African American’s were going through tough times and were not given many job opportunities, there was a limited source of income and they knew they had to take advantage of each opportunity. This time in  our history can be looked upon to greatly define our nation. It shows how we have overcome a lot of struggles through our lifetime yet we still have our imperfections. The Jim Crow laws created a staggeringly large barrier when it came to communication between Blacks and Whites. Another factor that seemed to add to this miscommunication was the Citizen’s Council, which was basically just a large group of organized Whites that opposed civil rights. These are two of the reasons I believe that intercultural communication was lacking at this time; the Jim Crow Laws and the Citizen’s Council both showed a group of people who opposed the integration of Blacks and Whites. The people in this council and those who supported the Jim Crow Laws didn’t want to try and make opportunities for all men equal. They didn’t want to communicate with a group of people that was different than they were or of a different culture; I think that this led the way for others not wanting to change the way things were sooner. It took some period of time but I think the barrier was finally pushed aside and integration was in sight. References Jim Crow Museum of Racist Memorabilia (2012). What was jim crow? Retrieved from http://www.ferris.edu/jimcrow/what.htm Traces of the Trade (2008). Reconstruction, jim crow, and the civil rights era. Retrieved   from http://www.tracesofthetrade.org/guides-and-materials/historical/reconstruction-jim-crow-and-the-civil-rights-era/ Merry, M. (2012). Educational theory. Segregation and civic virtue, 61, 465-484. Retrieved from ttp://www.academia.edu/1842134/Segregation_and_Civic_Virtue Ellis, K. Smith, S. (2013). State of siege: Mississippi whites and the civil rights movement. The mississippi state sovereignty commission. American RadioWorks.